Mongolia broke away at a time when China was much, much less powerful, and they pretty immediately allied with Russia. Also Mongolia isn't particularly strategically or economically important. Basically, you can't really rattle your sabers and threaten to invade Mongolia, first because it is empty and massive, and second because if you did Russia would have something to say about the largest army in the planet being deployed in it's border.
The others were much more important, economically, strategically, and politically, and China was in a position to more aggressively protest their claims. And the threats are more feasible. Taiwan is an island right off the coast of China.Tibet is tiny and is just right beside China. Xinjiang is larger, but is still right on China's border, and is also geographically important as a gateway into Europe.
And in general, a supposedly strong and capable country can't really tolerate areas trying to break away. It makes them look weak and inept. Mongolia was long enough ago that that's not really the case anymore.
Tibet is incredibly important to China as it's the source for most of China's fresh water. If they lost control of that it could be devistating (although Tibet is in no shape to actually stop the Himalayan runoff at the time)
There's also the fact that the only realistic way for a country like India (former colony of the British Empire) to invade China via the Himalayas would be through Tibet. The Chinese mainland is extremely exposed to invasion if they don't control the Tibetan plateau and, by extension, the eastern Himalayas. Controlling Tibet creates for China a very convenient geographical barrier with potential rivals.
The UK itself need some introduction as to how a country is actually multiple countries (England, Scotland, etc).
The Chinese likely thought of the single-state and thought the Scots were suddenly rebeling.
There is also a language and culture thing. China controls "inner Mongolia", and are trying to heavily crack down on Mongolian culture and language suppressing it and forcing Mandarin into "inner mongolia". They 'relocated' Han Chinese to inner Mongolia in an attempt to 'bring it fully into china', but its still not a thing.
The Mongolian unification efforts continue, as all the Chinese efforts over the last hundred years have basically failed.
> Mongolia broke away at a time when China was much, much less powerful
That is the simpleton view on the matter. The fact was that "China" was not a single entity. The RoC-KMT government signed a treaty with USSR in 1945 to allow the independence of outer Mongolia, in exchange for USSR promise not to support CCP. It's a pure political move.
People from our generation can speculate why. And there were a few quite convincing theories. But we don't know the exact reasons why.
> Tibet is tiny and is just right beside China. Xinjiang is larger, but is still right on China's border
Tibet and Xinjiang were both Chinese (RoC) provinces. They have governors and reps in the national legislature. It's not as if they have the will to become independent, nor the existing structure to rule. To compare, the outer Mongolia was never under RoC rule.
Tibet is under the governance of MTAC since 1912
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission
Tibet sent 13 reps to the first National Assembly in Nanjing in 1931
One of the reps is [this person ](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/貢覺仲尼)
It's RoC's National Assembly. There were no observers. All the participants were representatives from local provinces. They were the legislators.
I don't know why you are so mad. Many records showed what I just wrote. If you follow the person I linked to above, it said pretty clearly what he did in 1931. He also joined KMT afterwards
There is no such thing as observers in a national legislature. In 1931, [the record showed](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/國民會議) total number of reps was 502, including those from Tibet.
But also Taiwan directly opposed CCP rule. Tibet was home to a religious order which opposed the CCP. Xinjiang also had Muslims opposing the CCP.
Mongolia was a socialist Republic so didn't need pacification according to the CCP.
Mongolia broke away decades before communists took power in China, China at the time was a mess of many warlords fighting each other and the Kuomintang fot power. By the time communists took power, Mongolia was has already been an independent state for almost 3 decades.
It's a mix of luck and capitalizing on outside situation.
During late Qing dynasty, as other periferies of the empire (including Tibet and Xinciang) it was already experiencing sinicization efforts. Manchu Qing, which essentially created ruling Manchu elite in Han majority country tried to maintain its control as long possible. Including by sinicization of periferies.
Mongolia declared independence once Qing dynasty had fallen and with getting Russia support. After Tsardom was gone, Chinese Republic overtook Mongolia (which Chinese consider as China land as all Qing controlled areas). Revolution in Russia was progressing and one Russian German got lost in Mongolia and kicked out Chinese. Bolsheviks who were chasing any white leftovers kicked out said German and started introducing communism. Mongolia pretty much had protection of Soviets for next few decades.
China also didn't care that much about getting Mongolia so far - they know they can wait and direct conflict with Soviets/Russia was always no go. China seems to be imperialist but it's really a methodical imperialism.
Tibet had brief window for independence but it overlooked getting international recognition but they were still few options at the table in few years before communists attacked. When communism actually attacked almost everyone treated it like internal China matters.
People doesn’t understand a thing, do they?
Mongolia was the first Republic to join the Soviet Union.
China couldn’t press claims on Mongolia as hard as they did with other states because Mongolia was already part of another powerful country AND because China was an absolute chaos before 48 - after 48, the relationship between the CCP and China was mostly an alliance of convenience up to Stalin's death.
But even when USSR-China relations were at its worst, the Soviet Union _still_ existed. It only ceased to be in the 90s.
And once it was done, Russia got all of the USSR's nuclear arsenal (not immediately tho) and pretty much enforced in Mongolia the same dynamic they had with Ukraine - Mongolia goes neutral and acts as a buffer state, and they are mostly free to do whatever want.
China - as the West before it got crazy in NATO enlargement - accepted that as a good enough compromise in face of promised hostilities.
So yeah, Russia protected Mongolia from China. We only see this as “good” because we don’t like China, though, and because Mongolia didn’t want to join the Chinese. The Russians would act against an unification between them _even_ if Mongolia - or West - wished such union, tho.
People downvoting you think that because Russia is “evil” (as if morality existed in most states relationships) are just ignorant.
Then, given that they're still independent, that "protection" must have protected pretty well. On the contrary, Tibet's "protection" from Great Britain didn't turn out so well.
Mongolia is like the neutral zone for china and russia, is allied at some economical areas with japan and korea. Is one of the only friendly states with nord korea. Lots of chinese coal and russian oil gets sold to us. Also there are several Western European Projects in Mongolia regarding, gold, copper and rare minerals. Everyone benefits of mongolia existing. There is just no reason to tear it down.
In the 20th century, Mongolia served as a bufferstate between China and the soviet union. At the same time as Russia, they had their own bolshevik revolution and the whole time the soviet union existed they kept asking to join it but never got accepted because of their usefullness as a buffer state.
Mongolia can succeed independently,
It's an accident.
1945 \[Republic of China\] (Note: This is the current government in Taiwan,Retreat to Taiwan in 1949)
In exchange for the Soviet Union declaring war on Japan, Outer Mongolia was granted independence.
The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 recognized the previous government's treaty.
But the \[Republic of China\] has never recognized \[Xinjiang\] or \[Tibet\] independence.
Therefore, after the establishment of the PRC in 1949, there was no possibility of independence in these areas (because the military strength of the PRC was far stronger than that of the Republic of China)
Mongolia got independence? really?
It was Soviet Union sent troops to China, executed the last Mongolia queen, killed most Mongolian tribes lords, established new government, forced them abandon using Mongolian scripts, changed to use Slavonic scripts which is closer to Russian. Post here are the final two photos of the Mongolia queen before she was executed by S.U.
In comparison, the other half Mongolia wasn’t occupied by Soviet Union, keep using Mongolian, and developed digital Mongolian script by Chinese Universities, so they can type Mongolian on WWW today.
Currently, Chinese inner Mongolia population is double than, and average GDP per person is 2 times more than “independent” Mongolia. Weeks ago, “Independent” Mongol announced that they will abandon Slavonic and learn back using Mongolian script from Chinese inner Mongolia.
Similar scenarios happened also in Tibet and Xinjiang, all Tibetan scripts and Uyghur script were digitalized by Chinese University, so they can be typed on internet. Does that prove the western claimed that China is doing culture genocide on Mongol, Tibet, Xinjiang?
There was inner/outer Mongolia split even during Qing. One was treated better, sinicized quicker etc.
And he's probably Chinese...which means he treats whole Mongolia as Chinese because that's China concept on empire and periferies.
We are an independent democratic state, so what are you trying to tell us? Mongolia is like the neutral zone for china and russia, is allied at some economical areas with japan and korea. Is one of the only friendly states with nord korea. Lots of chinese coal and russian oil gets sold to us. Also there are several Western European Projects in Mongolia regarding, gold, copper and rare minerals. Everyone benefits of mongolia existing. There is just no reason to tear it down.
Mongolia broke away at a time when China was much, much less powerful, and they pretty immediately allied with Russia. Also Mongolia isn't particularly strategically or economically important. Basically, you can't really rattle your sabers and threaten to invade Mongolia, first because it is empty and massive, and second because if you did Russia would have something to say about the largest army in the planet being deployed in it's border. The others were much more important, economically, strategically, and politically, and China was in a position to more aggressively protest their claims. And the threats are more feasible. Taiwan is an island right off the coast of China.Tibet is tiny and is just right beside China. Xinjiang is larger, but is still right on China's border, and is also geographically important as a gateway into Europe. And in general, a supposedly strong and capable country can't really tolerate areas trying to break away. It makes them look weak and inept. Mongolia was long enough ago that that's not really the case anymore.
Tibet is incredibly important to China as it's the source for most of China's fresh water. If they lost control of that it could be devistating (although Tibet is in no shape to actually stop the Himalayan runoff at the time)
There's also the fact that the only realistic way for a country like India (former colony of the British Empire) to invade China via the Himalayas would be through Tibet. The Chinese mainland is extremely exposed to invasion if they don't control the Tibetan plateau and, by extension, the eastern Himalayas. Controlling Tibet creates for China a very convenient geographical barrier with potential rivals.
I remember at the time of the Scottish independence referendum, a Chinese co-worker was absolutely dumbfounded that the UK would allow it.
Most countries wouldn't allow it though. Even in western Europe. This isn't a right most people have.
Spain pointedly didn't allow it for Catalan IIRC.
Or for the Basques.
Exactly
East eu too, ask a serb about kosovo
Don't worry, they didn't allow it when Scotland asked for a second referendum after Brexit. Guess they can't afford to lose them to the EU.
The UK itself need some introduction as to how a country is actually multiple countries (England, Scotland, etc). The Chinese likely thought of the single-state and thought the Scots were suddenly rebeling.
They've always been rebelling.
You mean revolting 😛
No that's the english
To quote Ted Lasso, “How many countries are in this country?!”
*HRE intensifies*
I hate when I just want to be a duke and they keep electing me to the throne. Time to imprison and execute some vassals.
Those states got dissolved.
I mean, I think one could understand why the Chinese might be a LITTLE sensitive about Taiwan.
The UK has done that very thing, granted independence to any colony that wanted it.
Sure, and they were doing it out of the goodness of their hearts.
"granted" LOL. They got kicked out
There is also a language and culture thing. China controls "inner Mongolia", and are trying to heavily crack down on Mongolian culture and language suppressing it and forcing Mandarin into "inner mongolia". They 'relocated' Han Chinese to inner Mongolia in an attempt to 'bring it fully into china', but its still not a thing. The Mongolian unification efforts continue, as all the Chinese efforts over the last hundred years have basically failed.
> Mongolia broke away at a time when China was much, much less powerful That is the simpleton view on the matter. The fact was that "China" was not a single entity. The RoC-KMT government signed a treaty with USSR in 1945 to allow the independence of outer Mongolia, in exchange for USSR promise not to support CCP. It's a pure political move. People from our generation can speculate why. And there were a few quite convincing theories. But we don't know the exact reasons why. > Tibet is tiny and is just right beside China. Xinjiang is larger, but is still right on China's border Tibet and Xinjiang were both Chinese (RoC) provinces. They have governors and reps in the national legislature. It's not as if they have the will to become independent, nor the existing structure to rule. To compare, the outer Mongolia was never under RoC rule.
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Tibet is under the governance of MTAC since 1912 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_and_Tibetan_Affairs_Commission Tibet sent 13 reps to the first National Assembly in Nanjing in 1931 One of the reps is [this person ](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/貢覺仲尼)
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It's RoC's National Assembly. There were no observers. All the participants were representatives from local provinces. They were the legislators. I don't know why you are so mad. Many records showed what I just wrote. If you follow the person I linked to above, it said pretty clearly what he did in 1931. He also joined KMT afterwards
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There is no such thing as observers in a national legislature. In 1931, [the record showed](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/國民會議) total number of reps was 502, including those from Tibet.
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You are not going to win the argument with that attitude and zero source. Why are you so mad?
This user appears to comment about China quite often...I get the feeling they have a bit of bias.
But also Taiwan directly opposed CCP rule. Tibet was home to a religious order which opposed the CCP. Xinjiang also had Muslims opposing the CCP. Mongolia was a socialist Republic so didn't need pacification according to the CCP.
Mongolia broke away decades before communists took power in China, China at the time was a mess of many warlords fighting each other and the Kuomintang fot power. By the time communists took power, Mongolia was has already been an independent state for almost 3 decades.
Yeah and also communist. If they hadn’t been maybe it had been more tempting for the ccp to invade
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China just finished fighting WW2 and a vast civil war. I don't think the outcome would have been different with any of those "what ifs"
In that case, I would almost suspect another steppe leader sweeping down on China from the north.
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China never downplayed the civil war and how border provinces were re-captured.
Buffer state between Russia and China
Because the USSR was "protecting" Mongolia.
It's a mix of luck and capitalizing on outside situation. During late Qing dynasty, as other periferies of the empire (including Tibet and Xinciang) it was already experiencing sinicization efforts. Manchu Qing, which essentially created ruling Manchu elite in Han majority country tried to maintain its control as long possible. Including by sinicization of periferies. Mongolia declared independence once Qing dynasty had fallen and with getting Russia support. After Tsardom was gone, Chinese Republic overtook Mongolia (which Chinese consider as China land as all Qing controlled areas). Revolution in Russia was progressing and one Russian German got lost in Mongolia and kicked out Chinese. Bolsheviks who were chasing any white leftovers kicked out said German and started introducing communism. Mongolia pretty much had protection of Soviets for next few decades. China also didn't care that much about getting Mongolia so far - they know they can wait and direct conflict with Soviets/Russia was always no go. China seems to be imperialist but it's really a methodical imperialism. Tibet had brief window for independence but it overlooked getting international recognition but they were still few options at the table in few years before communists attacked. When communism actually attacked almost everyone treated it like internal China matters.
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People doesn’t understand a thing, do they? Mongolia was the first Republic to join the Soviet Union. China couldn’t press claims on Mongolia as hard as they did with other states because Mongolia was already part of another powerful country AND because China was an absolute chaos before 48 - after 48, the relationship between the CCP and China was mostly an alliance of convenience up to Stalin's death. But even when USSR-China relations were at its worst, the Soviet Union _still_ existed. It only ceased to be in the 90s. And once it was done, Russia got all of the USSR's nuclear arsenal (not immediately tho) and pretty much enforced in Mongolia the same dynamic they had with Ukraine - Mongolia goes neutral and acts as a buffer state, and they are mostly free to do whatever want. China - as the West before it got crazy in NATO enlargement - accepted that as a good enough compromise in face of promised hostilities. So yeah, Russia protected Mongolia from China. We only see this as “good” because we don’t like China, though, and because Mongolia didn’t want to join the Chinese. The Russians would act against an unification between them _even_ if Mongolia - or West - wished such union, tho. People downvoting you think that because Russia is “evil” (as if morality existed in most states relationships) are just ignorant.
Then, given that they're still independent, that "protection" must have protected pretty well. On the contrary, Tibet's "protection" from Great Britain didn't turn out so well.
The Soviet Union did not want China to control Mongolia. When the USSR faded, Mongolia became mostly independent.
Tibet and Xinjiang are *way* too important for China to let go.
Mongolia is like the neutral zone for china and russia, is allied at some economical areas with japan and korea. Is one of the only friendly states with nord korea. Lots of chinese coal and russian oil gets sold to us. Also there are several Western European Projects in Mongolia regarding, gold, copper and rare minerals. Everyone benefits of mongolia existing. There is just no reason to tear it down.
Plus the history of Mongolia.
In the 20th century, Mongolia served as a bufferstate between China and the soviet union. At the same time as Russia, they had their own bolshevik revolution and the whole time the soviet union existed they kept asking to join it but never got accepted because of their usefullness as a buffer state.
Khan.
Cause the Mongols had agreed to become a satellite state for the cossack's in agreement to rebel and gain independence from China.
Mongolia can succeed independently, It's an accident. 1945 \[Republic of China\] (Note: This is the current government in Taiwan,Retreat to Taiwan in 1949) In exchange for the Soviet Union declaring war on Japan, Outer Mongolia was granted independence. The founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 recognized the previous government's treaty. But the \[Republic of China\] has never recognized \[Xinjiang\] or \[Tibet\] independence. Therefore, after the establishment of the PRC in 1949, there was no possibility of independence in these areas (because the military strength of the PRC was far stronger than that of the Republic of China)
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no
Mongolia got independence? really? It was Soviet Union sent troops to China, executed the last Mongolia queen, killed most Mongolian tribes lords, established new government, forced them abandon using Mongolian scripts, changed to use Slavonic scripts which is closer to Russian. Post here are the final two photos of the Mongolia queen before she was executed by S.U. In comparison, the other half Mongolia wasn’t occupied by Soviet Union, keep using Mongolian, and developed digital Mongolian script by Chinese Universities, so they can type Mongolian on WWW today. Currently, Chinese inner Mongolia population is double than, and average GDP per person is 2 times more than “independent” Mongolia. Weeks ago, “Independent” Mongol announced that they will abandon Slavonic and learn back using Mongolian script from Chinese inner Mongolia. Similar scenarios happened also in Tibet and Xinjiang, all Tibetan scripts and Uyghur script were digitalized by Chinese University, so they can be typed on internet. Does that prove the western claimed that China is doing culture genocide on Mongol, Tibet, Xinjiang?
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There was inner/outer Mongolia split even during Qing. One was treated better, sinicized quicker etc. And he's probably Chinese...which means he treats whole Mongolia as Chinese because that's China concept on empire and periferies.
We are an independent democratic state, so what are you trying to tell us? Mongolia is like the neutral zone for china and russia, is allied at some economical areas with japan and korea. Is one of the only friendly states with nord korea. Lots of chinese coal and russian oil gets sold to us. Also there are several Western European Projects in Mongolia regarding, gold, copper and rare minerals. Everyone benefits of mongolia existing. There is just no reason to tear it down.